5.TEXTILES:

KEY CONCEPTS:

• Both natural and synthetic fibres can be woven to make a variety of textiles.
• Natural fibres may come from animal sources(wool,silk),plant sources(cotton,linen,esparto,bamboo) and mineral sources(gold,silver and copper fibres).
• Sythetic fibres,such as nylon,polyester,rayon and Lycra,are plastic materials.

4.MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES:

KEY CONCEPTS:

• Modification techniques use tolos and machines to make changes to prefabricated materials,such as sheets,bars or mouldings.
• Examples of these techniques include:measuring -> drawing marks and lines -> cutting -> drilling -> filing and sanding -> joining.
• You must always pay special attention to health and safety rules.

3.PLASTIC FORMING TECHNIQUES:

KEY CONCEPTS:

• Various industrial techniques can be used to manufacture plastic products,such as:extrusion,calendering,vacuum forming and moulding.
• The main techniques for using moulds are as follows:blow moulding,injection moulding and compression moulding.

2.THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICS.

KEY CONCETS:

1. Thermoplastics are usually made from petroleum products.The most common thermoplastics are:

• Polyethylene terephthalate(PET).
• High-density polyethylene.
• Polyvinyl chloride(PVC).
• Low-density polythylene.
• Polypropylene.
• Moulded polystyrene.
• Expanded polystyrene or Styrofoam.

 2. Thermosetting plastics are made from petroleum products.They include:

• Polyurethane
• Bakelite
• Melamine
• Polyester resins

 3. Typical elastomers include rubber and neoprene.

UNIT 3:PLASTICS AND TEXTILES.

1.PLACTIC MATERIALS:

KEY CONCEPTS:

• Plastics consists of long chains of atoms which are mostly composed of carbon.
• Plastics can be classified into natural and synthetic plastics.
• The process of manufacturing plastic is called polymerisation.
• Plastic materials are resistant,insulating(aganist electricity,heat and sound),ductile,malleble,impermeable and light.
• There are three types of plastic recycling precesses:chemical and mechanical recycling and energy recovery.

TRANSISTORS: Are basic components of electrical circuits.They are made from semiconductor materials and have three electrodes called the base,the collector and the emitter.
There are two transistor: NPN and PNP.

1. When no electrons are flowing through the base,then no electrons can pass from the collector to the emitter.The transistor is in cut off.
2. When many electrons are flowing through the base,the route between the collector and the emitter will be completely open.The transistor is in saturation.
3. When the flow of electrons through the base is between the cut off and saturation levels,it will be proportional to the flow of electrons between the collector and the emitter.The transistor is in the active region.

Transistor are the basic components of the microprocessors and memory circuits that are used in computers.The following pictures illustre the concept of transistor gain.











8.2.BASIC DEVICES MADE WITH ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS:
We can build various devices with the electronic components discussed in the previous section.Here are two examples:

TIMERS: A timer is a device that operates for a certain period of time and then shuts itself off automatically. We can use the circuit on the right as an example:

1. At first,the LED is off,since there is no current flowing through the base.The transistor is in cut off.When we push the botton,current flows through the base,the transistor is activated,and the LED turn on.The capacitor also begins to charge itself.
2. When we released the botton,the LED continues to produce light for some time,using current from the capacitor.When the capacitor runs down,the transistor cuts off and the LED turns off.

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: Integrated circuits consist of miniature electronic components,such as transistor,resistors and capacitors.For example,the following UL-N2803A integrated circuit contains eight pairs of Darlington transistors.

CAPACITORS: Are components that can store an electrical charge.
The value of a capacitors indicates the charge in volts that it can store.This is measured in farads.











DIODES:  Is an electronic component made from semiconductor materials.It only allows electric current to flow in one direction.A diode has two electrodes: an anode and a cathode.
A LED only gives off light when an electric current flows throungh it.